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How do I write an academic research paper?

A step-by-step playbook to the research and writing process. Modified with permission from Johnson & Wales University, Denver.

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Source Types

When evaluating information, it is useful to identify if it's a Primary, Secondary or Tertiary source. By doing so, you will be able recognize if the author is reporting on his/her own first hand experiences, or relying on the views of others.

Definition and Examples of Primary, Secondary, and Tertiary Sources:
Source Type	Examples
Primary A first person account by someone who experienced or witnessed an event. The original document has not been previously published or interpreted by anyone else.	First person account of an event First publication of a scientific study Speech or lecture Original artwork Handwritten manuscript Letters between two people A diary Historical documents, e.g. Bill of Rights
Secondary One step removed from the primary original source. The author is reexamining, interpreting and forming conclusions based on the information conveyed in the primary source.	Newspaper reporting on a scientific study Review of a music CD or art show Biography
Tertiary Further removed from a primary source. It leads the researcher to a secondary source, rather than to the primary source.	Bibliography Index to articles Library catalog

Primary vs Secondary Sources

Posted with permission from the Univ. of California San Diego Libraries.

Tip!

Search QuickSearch to find primary source material for your topic. Try adding one of the keywords below:

charters
correspondence
diaries
documents
interviews
letters
manuscripts

oratory
pamphlets
personal narratives
sources
speeches

Last Updated: Aug 16, 2024 5:36 PM
URL: https://libguides.pvcc.edu/researchpaperprocess
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Subjects: How do I...write papers?