Citation Styles Playbook

Notes about in-text citations:

• ASA parenthetical citations are based on The Chicago Manual of Style's "Author-Date" format.
• Citations in the text should include the last name of the author and the year of publication.
  • (Author Last name Year of Publication)
  • Example: (Duncan 1959)
• When quoting directly from a source, include page numbers.
  • (Author Last name Year of Publication:page numbers)
  • Example: (Kuhn 1970:71-72)
• If a source has two authors, provide both last names.
  • (First author Last name and Second author Last name Year of Publication)
  • Example: (Martin and Bailey 1988)
• If a source has three authors, use all three last names in the first citation for that source; use the first author's last name and "et al." in any subsequent citations.
  • Example:
    • First citation: (Carr, Smith, and Jones 1962)
    • Second citation: (Carr et al. 1962)
• If a source has more than three authors, use "et al." in all in-text citations for that work.
  • Example: (Brown et al. 1996:50)
• Cite multiple sources within a single parenthetical reference by separating the sources with semicolons.
  • Example: (Green 1995; Mundi 1987; Smith and Wallop 1989)
• When the author's name appears in the text, cite the year only in the parenthetical citation, or the year and page numbers in the case of a direct quotation.
  • Example 1: This concept was investigated in another study by Duncan (1959).
  • Example 2: Cooper's historical overview concludes that "what it means to be 'American' is never static" (2015:161).
• If a source was authored by a corporation or organization, include this entity in any in-text citations for this source.
  • Example: Evidence shows that the trend has continued in recent years (Johns Hopkins University 2013).